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Corresponding author. Department of Vascular Surgery, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Haslingden Road, Blackburn BB2 3HH, UK.
This series looks at iliac kinking as a cause of flow limitation in iliac arteries (FLIA) of athletes.
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Iliac kinking is often overlooked in favour of endofibrosis.
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The data demonstrate that iliac kinking can result in FLIA.
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Some of these patients would benefit from surgery, after trailing conservative management.
Introduction
Vascular surgeons increasingly encounter flow limitation of iliac arteries (FLIA) in endurance athletes. An experience of managing this condition is reported.
Report
This is a retrospective cohort analysis of prospectively collected data at a single vascular centre. Between 2001 and 2017, 12 athletes with exercise induced pain underwent investigation and assessment. Patients with significant radiological findings (iliac kinking ± stenosis demonstrated on duplex ultrasound or catheter angiography) and dynamic flow changes (marked reduction in ankle brachial pressure indices following exertion, or increase in the common iliac artery peak systolic velocity during hip flexion on duplex) underwent surgery after trialling conservative management; the majority were open iliac shortening procedures. Patients with radiological findings, but no dynamic flow changes were managed conservatively. All patients were followed up.
Discussion
There were 10 men and two women with a median age of 40 years. Nine patients had iliac kinking (five in isolation, four associated with stenosis), two had stenosis, and one had no iliac disease. Eight patients had severe symptoms (absolute loss of power on maximal exertion) demonstrated dynamic post-exertional flow changes. Seven patients successfully underwent surgery, returning to their sport at similar intensity. One procedure was abandoned owing to severe adhesions from a prior procedure. This patient subsequently changed sport. Three patients with mild symptoms (two had reduction in power at maximal intensity, one was an incidental finding) and who demonstrated no clinical signs of FLIA continued their sport at a lower intensity. Kinking of the iliac arteries in athletes can occur with or without of iliac stenosis. Patients with the most severe iliac symptoms demonstrate dynamic post-exertional flow limitation and may benefit from surgery following a period of conservative management. Patients who have milder symptoms and no dynamic exercise flow limitations can be managed conservatively.
Pain, loss of power, and/or cramp at maximal effort that resolves upon resting are established as symptoms of underlying flow limitations in the iliac arteries (FLIA).
Chevalier et al. first suggested that non-atherosclerotic disease could be the cause of FLIA in athletes, owing to vessel stenosis caused by endofibrosis or kinking of the iliac artery, or a combination of both.
The pathogenesis of the condition typically affects cyclists because of the hyperflexed hip in the cycling position, followed by aggressive and repetitive flexion and extension. This motion stretches the iliac artery, leading to iliac kinking and can result in FLIA.
Repeated trauma produces a cellular response due to increase in haemodynamic load on the vessel wall, provoking intimal thickening causing stenosis, described as “endofibrosis”.
Recognising vascular causes of leg complaints in endurance athletes. Part 2: the value of patient history, physical examination, cycling exercise test and echo-Doppler examination.
This paper reports an experience in the diagnosis and management of several athletes suffering disease of the iliac arteries.
Design
This is a retrospective cohort analysis of prospectively collected data involving all patients experiencing FLIA referred to a single vascular service, managed by the senior authors between the years of 2001 and 2017.
Materials and methods
Patients were included if they participated in sports competitively and had symptoms of claudication or loss of power during high intensity exercise with resolution upon resting. Patients were excluded if they had other comorbidities contributing to arterial disease or atherosclerosis in other vascular territories. All patients, except one, were assessed using provocative tests, in the form of pre- and post-exercise ankle brachial pressure indices (ABPI) performed on a static exercise bike for cyclists, and treadmill at 5.4 miles per hour at a 15% incline for the single runner in the series. The iliac arteries were radiologically assessed by both duplex ultrasound (DUS) and conventional catheter angiography (via contralateral femoral puncture) with the leg extended and in 90° hip flexion (Fig. 2). Patients were discussed in a multidisciplinary team meeting; patients who demonstrated “symptomatic FLIA”, i.e., a significant iliac tortuosity or stenosis demonstrating flow limitation on post-exercise ABPI, proceeded to surgery after a trial of conservative measures. Patients were extensively counselled about the risks of the procedure, including pseudoaneurysm formation, graft infection (where appropriate), disease progression/recurrence, and limb loss.
Figure 1Operative technique. (a) Open approach (via a Rutherford Morison incision) to the common iliac artery demonstrating iliac kinking even with the patient supine and the hip extended. (b) Excision of the iliac artery. Anastomosis between the two ends displays no tortuosity.
Figure 2Pre- and post-operative catheter angiography demonstrating the presence of iliac kinking without stenosis. (a) Angulation without vessel calibre change. (b) Post-operative reduction in angulation with no appreciable difference in diameter.
The preferential surgical technique was open iliac artery excision with a spatulated end to end anastomosis (Fig.1a and b). Patients with hostile anatomy underwent ilio-femoral “jump” bypass grafts using Dacron. All patients, irrespective of management, were followed up in the vascular clinic.
Results
Twelve patients (median age 40 years; 10 men [83%] and two women [17%]) were included in the study; 11 were cyclists (92%) and one was a runner (8%). Eleven patients suffered with limiting symptoms; eight patients (67%) experienced severe symptoms (absolute loss of power at maximal exertional intensity): four in the left leg, two in the right leg, and one in both legs. Three patients (25%) suffered with less severe symptoms (a reduction in power on exertion), allowing them to continue cycling, and one patient was asymptomatic (8%).
The predominant radiological finding was iliac kinking, which was present in nine patients: five had isolated kinking and four had kinking with associated stenosis. Two people had stenosis in isolation and one patient (8%) had no identifiable arterial disease.
Nine patients had no previous intervention for iliac disease (75%); two patients had undergone previous treatment for iliac stenosis but remained symptomatic (17%). One patient previously underwent iliac thrombectomy after a cycling session and had an asymptomatic contralateral kink detected incidentally during angiography.
Patients with severe exertional symptoms had a post-exertional ABPI < 1, with the exception of one patient in whom ABPI was not recorded. All patients with less debilitating symptoms had an ABPI > 1 (Table 1).
Table 1Patient demographics, symptoms, radiological findings, pre- and post-operative ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI), type of procedure, histology, and outcomes.
In terms of management, six patients underwent iliac excision (50%); one had bilateral disease treated and thus seven arteries were treated. One procedure was abandoned because of adhesions around the iliac artery from previous surgery. Two patients underwent an iliofemoral bypass because of hostile anatomy (one patient had iliac stenting and one had an open ileo-caecectomy for complicated appendicitis). From the histology specimens available, five affected arteries demonstrated no evidence of intimal hyperplasia and two showed changes in keeping with endofibrosis. Four patients had no procedure and were managed conservatively.
All successfully completed procedures resulted in marked improvements of the post-exertional ABPI (Table 1).
One patient in whom the procedure was abandoned showed no significant change in the pre- or post-procedural ABPI; the peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the affected iliac artery during hip flexion remained elevated. Their symptoms still persisted and they subsequently changed their primary sport to running.
Three patients managed conservatively reduced the intensity of their cycling. One patient who had an incidental kink continued to cycle at normal intensity.
Discussion
In this series, patients broadly fall into two categories: those with symptoms, radiological findings, and dynamic flow changes on provocation; and those without dynamic flow changes following provocative tests. ABPI before and after exertion is one of the most accurate diagnostic tools to demonstrate a flow limitation.
DUS has also been shown to be effective in determining iliac pathology in symptomatic athletes; a significant increase in the PSV during hip flexion reliably correlates with symptoms.
Patients in whom the ABPI was normal have been managed conservatively and have experienced a reasonable outcome, as all have returned to cycling, albeit at a lower intensity. Conservative management is first line and consists of advice to reduce or stop provocative activities; however, this is only postulated to reduce disease progression.
Patients with a reduction in ABPI went onto have surgery with good results; 100% of patients that had a successful procedure with documented ABPIs returned to the sport of their choice at a similar intensity. After a minimum of 2 years follow up, none have experienced any recurrence of symptoms or need for re-intervention. Most patients in the series had iliac kinking without endofibrosis (and with in some cases). Despite the lack of intimal hyperplasia, these patients have still been symptomatic, suggesting that iliac kinking alone can result in FLIA.
isolated iliac kinking has still affected the performance of the athletes in our series.
Two patients provide credence to this notion. Both had iliac kinking and endofibrosis, and received previous treatment for endofibrosis; one patient had an iliac endarterectomy and the other received iliac stents. Despite having the endofibrosis treated, both patients remained symptomatic and required iliac artery shortening. Iliac stenting has less long-term efficacy, which could have resulted in suboptimal treatment of endofibrosis;
however, the histology on this patient demonstrated no evidence of endofibrosis and therefore it was iliac kinking alone that was responsible for the patient's symptoms. While the INSITE opinion is not being contested, the present authors would like to make it apparent that iliac kinking in isolation can and does affect athletes independently of endofibrosis,
and individuals presenting to the vascular surgeon should be assessed on an individual basis; if there is a stenosis or a kink or both causing a marked post-exertional drop in ABPI or a significant increase in the PSV during hip flexion, surgery may be indicated following a trial of conservative measures, provided patients are adequately counselled about the serious consequences and complications of intervention.
Two patients underwent an iliofemoral bypass procedure using Dacron. Both made a good recovery and resumed competitive cycling post-operatively. While management preferentially consisted of iliac excision and primary anastomosis, iliofemoral bypass grafts were an acceptable alternative in patients with unfavourable anatomical constraints; they maintain superior patency and limb salvage rates over endovascular treatment,
Clinical outcomes of 5358 patients undergoing direct open bypass or endovascular treatment for aortoiliac occlusive disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Competitive athletes, particularly cyclists are susceptible to FLIA. Those who have radiologically demonstrable iliac artery disease and become symptomatic after provocative exertional testing may benefit from surgery after a trial of conservative measures; those without changes after provocative tests should be managed conservatively. Iliac excision and primary anastomosis can result in good functional outcomes. Iliofemoral bypasses are an alternative surgical option in patients whose anatomy is unfavourable with reasonable long-term results.
Conflict of interest
None.
Funding
None.
References
Schep G.
Bender M.H.
Kaandorp D.
Hammacher E.
De Vries W.R.
Flow limitations in the iliac arteries in endurance athletes. Current knowledge and directions for the future.
Recognising vascular causes of leg complaints in endurance athletes. Part 2: the value of patient history, physical examination, cycling exercise test and echo-Doppler examination.
Clinical outcomes of 5358 patients undergoing direct open bypass or endovascular treatment for aortoiliac occlusive disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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